import sqlite3
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con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
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cur = con.cursor()
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AUSTRIA = "\xd6sterreich"
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# by default, rows are returned as Unicode
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cur.execute("select ?", (AUSTRIA,))
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row = cur.fetchone()
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assert row[0] == AUSTRIA
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# but we can make sqlite3 always return bytestrings ...
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con.text_factory = bytes
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cur.execute("select ?", (AUSTRIA,))
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row = cur.fetchone()
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assert type(row[0]) is bytes
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# the bytestrings will be encoded in UTF-8, unless you stored garbage in the
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# database ...
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assert row[0] == AUSTRIA.encode("utf-8")
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# we can also implement a custom text_factory ...
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# here we implement one that appends "foo" to all strings
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con.text_factory = lambda x: x.decode("utf-8") + "foo"
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cur.execute("select ?", ("bar",))
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row = cur.fetchone()
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assert row[0] == "barfoo"
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