This document provides background reading for memory models and related
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tools. These documents are aimed at kernel hackers who are interested
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in memory models.
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Hardware manuals and models
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===========================
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o SPARC International Inc. (Ed.). 1994. "The SPARC Architecture
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Reference Manual Version 9". SPARC International Inc.
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o Compaq Computer Corporation (Ed.). 2002. "Alpha Architecture
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Reference Manual". Compaq Computer Corporation.
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o Intel Corporation (Ed.). 2002. "A Formal Specification of Intel
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Itanium Processor Family Memory Ordering". Intel Corporation.
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o Intel Corporation (Ed.). 2002. "Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures
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Software Developer’s Manual". Intel Corporation.
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o Peter Sewell, Susmit Sarkar, Scott Owens, Francesco Zappa Nardelli,
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and Magnus O. Myreen. 2010. "x86-TSO: A Rigorous and Usable
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Programmer's Model for x86 Multiprocessors". Commun. ACM 53, 7
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(July, 2010), 89-97. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1785414.1785443
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o IBM Corporation (Ed.). 2009. "Power ISA Version 2.06". IBM
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Corporation.
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o ARM Ltd. (Ed.). 2009. "ARM Barrier Litmus Tests and Cookbook".
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ARM Ltd.
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o Susmit Sarkar, Peter Sewell, Jade Alglave, Luc Maranget, and
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Derek Williams. 2011. "Understanding POWER Multiprocessors". In
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Proceedings of the 32Nd ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming
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Language Design and Implementation (PLDI ’11). ACM, New York,
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NY, USA, 175–186.
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o Susmit Sarkar, Kayvan Memarian, Scott Owens, Mark Batty,
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Peter Sewell, Luc Maranget, Jade Alglave, and Derek Williams.
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2012. "Synchronising C/C++ and POWER". In Proceedings of the 33rd
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ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and
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Implementation (PLDI '12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 311-322.
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o ARM Ltd. (Ed.). 2014. "ARM Architecture Reference Manual (ARMv8,
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for ARMv8-A architecture profile)". ARM Ltd.
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o Imagination Technologies, LTD. 2015. "MIPS(R) Architecture
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For Programmers, Volume II-A: The MIPS64(R) Instruction,
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Set Reference Manual". Imagination Technologies,
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LTD. https://imgtec.com/?do-download=4302.
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o Shaked Flur, Kathryn E. Gray, Christopher Pulte, Susmit
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Sarkar, Ali Sezgin, Luc Maranget, Will Deacon, and Peter
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Sewell. 2016. "Modelling the ARMv8 Architecture, Operationally:
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Concurrency and ISA". In Proceedings of the 43rd Annual ACM
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SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages
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(POPL ’16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 608–621.
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o Shaked Flur, Susmit Sarkar, Christopher Pulte, Kyndylan Nienhuis,
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Luc Maranget, Kathryn E. Gray, Ali Sezgin, Mark Batty, and Peter
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Sewell. 2017. "Mixed-size Concurrency: ARM, POWER, C/C++11,
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and SC". In Proceedings of the 44th ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on
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Principles of Programming Languages (POPL 2017). ACM, New York,
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NY, USA, 429–442.
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o Christopher Pulte, Shaked Flur, Will Deacon, Jon French,
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Susmit Sarkar, and Peter Sewell. 2018. "Simplifying ARM concurrency:
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multicopy-atomic axiomatic and operational models for ARMv8". In
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Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages, Volume 2, Issue
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POPL, Article No. 19. ACM, New York, NY, USA.
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Linux-kernel memory model
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=========================
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o Jade Alglave, Will Deacon, Boqun Feng, David Howells, Daniel
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Lustig, Luc Maranget, Paul E. McKenney, Andrea Parri, Nicholas
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Piggin, Alan Stern, Akira Yokosawa, and Peter Zijlstra.
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2019. "Calibrating your fear of big bad optimizing compilers"
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Linux Weekly News. https://lwn.net/Articles/799218/
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o Jade Alglave, Will Deacon, Boqun Feng, David Howells, Daniel
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Lustig, Luc Maranget, Paul E. McKenney, Andrea Parri, Nicholas
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Piggin, Alan Stern, Akira Yokosawa, and Peter Zijlstra.
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2019. "Who's afraid of a big bad optimizing compiler?"
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Linux Weekly News. https://lwn.net/Articles/793253/
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o Jade Alglave, Luc Maranget, Paul E. McKenney, Andrea Parri, and
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Alan Stern. 2018. "Frightening small children and disconcerting
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grown-ups: Concurrency in the Linux kernel". In Proceedings of
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the 23rd International Conference on Architectural Support for
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Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS 2018). ACM,
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New York, NY, USA, 405-418. Webpage: http://diy.inria.fr/linux/.
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o Jade Alglave, Luc Maranget, Paul E. McKenney, Andrea Parri, and
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Alan Stern. 2017. "A formal kernel memory-ordering model (part 1)"
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Linux Weekly News. https://lwn.net/Articles/718628/
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o Jade Alglave, Luc Maranget, Paul E. McKenney, Andrea Parri, and
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Alan Stern. 2017. "A formal kernel memory-ordering model (part 2)"
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Linux Weekly News. https://lwn.net/Articles/720550/
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o Jade Alglave, Luc Maranget, Paul E. McKenney, Andrea Parri, and
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Alan Stern. 2017-2019. "A Formal Model of Linux-Kernel Memory
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Ordering" (backup material for the LWN articles)
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https://mirrors.edge.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/paulmck/LWNLinuxMM/
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Memory-model tooling
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====================
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o Daniel Jackson. 2002. "Alloy: A Lightweight Object Modelling
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Notation". ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol. 11, 2 (April 2002),
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256–290. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/505145.505149
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o Jade Alglave, Luc Maranget, and Michael Tautschnig. 2014. "Herding
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Cats: Modelling, Simulation, Testing, and Data Mining for Weak
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Memory". ACM Trans. Program. Lang. Syst. 36, 2, Article 7 (July
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2014), 7:1–7:74 pages.
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o Jade Alglave, Patrick Cousot, and Luc Maranget. 2016. "Syntax and
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semantics of the weak consistency model specification language
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cat". CoRR abs/1608.07531 (2016). https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.07531
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Memory-model comparisons
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========================
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o Paul E. McKenney, Ulrich Weigand, Andrea Parri, and Boqun
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Feng. 2018. "Linux-Kernel Memory Model". (27 September 2018).
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http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2018/p0124r6.html.
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