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<title>LD: MRI</title>
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<a name="MRI"></a>
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<div class="header">
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<p>
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Next: <a href="GNU-Free-Documentation-License.html#GNU-Free-Documentation-License" accesskey="n" rel="next">GNU Free Documentation License</a>, Previous: <a href="Reporting-Bugs.html#Reporting-Bugs" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Reporting Bugs</a>, Up: <a href="index.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="LD-Index.html#LD-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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<hr>
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<a name="MRI-Compatible-Script-Files"></a>
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<h2 class="appendix">Appendix A MRI Compatible Script Files</h2>
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<a name="index-MRI-compatibility"></a>
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<p>To aid users making the transition to <small>GNU</small> <code>ld</code> from the MRI
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linker, <code>ld</code> can use MRI compatible linker scripts as an
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alternative to the more general-purpose linker scripting language
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described in <a href="Scripts.html#Scripts">Scripts</a>. MRI compatible linker scripts have a much
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simpler command set than the scripting language otherwise used with
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<code>ld</code>. <small>GNU</small> <code>ld</code> supports the most commonly used MRI
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linker commands; these commands are described here.
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</p>
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<p>In general, MRI scripts aren’t of much use with the <code>a.out</code> object
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file format, since it only has three sections and MRI scripts lack some
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features to make use of them.
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</p>
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<p>You can specify a file containing an MRI-compatible script using the
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‘<samp>-c</samp>’ command-line option.
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</p>
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<p>Each command in an MRI-compatible script occupies its own line; each
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command line starts with the keyword that identifies the command (though
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blank lines are also allowed for punctuation). If a line of an
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MRI-compatible script begins with an unrecognized keyword, <code>ld</code>
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issues a warning message, but continues processing the script.
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</p>
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<p>Lines beginning with ‘<samp>*</samp>’ are comments.
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</p>
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<p>You can write these commands using all upper-case letters, or all
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lower case; for example, ‘<samp>chip</samp>’ is the same as ‘<samp>CHIP</samp>’.
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The following list shows only the upper-case form of each command.
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</p>
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<dl compact="compact">
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<dd><a name="index-ABSOLUTE-_0028MRI_0029"></a>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>ABSOLUTE <var>secname</var></code></dt>
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<dt><code>ABSOLUTE <var>secname</var>, <var>secname</var>, … <var>secname</var></code></dt>
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<dd><p>Normally, <code>ld</code> includes in the output file all sections from all
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the input files. However, in an MRI-compatible script, you can use the
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<code>ABSOLUTE</code> command to restrict the sections that will be present in
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your output program. If the <code>ABSOLUTE</code> command is used at all in a
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script, then only the sections named explicitly in <code>ABSOLUTE</code>
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commands will appear in the linker output. You can still use other
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input sections (whatever you select on the command line, or using
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<code>LOAD</code>) to resolve addresses in the output file.
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</p>
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<a name="index-ALIAS-_0028MRI_0029"></a>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>ALIAS <var>out-secname</var>, <var>in-secname</var></code></dt>
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<dd><p>Use this command to place the data from input section <var>in-secname</var>
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in a section called <var>out-secname</var> in the linker output file.
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</p>
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<p><var>in-secname</var> may be an integer.
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</p>
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<a name="index-ALIGN-_0028MRI_0029"></a>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>ALIGN <var>secname</var> = <var>expression</var></code></dt>
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<dd><p>Align the section called <var>secname</var> to <var>expression</var>. The
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<var>expression</var> should be a power of two.
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</p>
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<a name="index-BASE-_0028MRI_0029"></a>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>BASE <var>expression</var></code></dt>
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<dd><p>Use the value of <var>expression</var> as the lowest address (other than
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absolute addresses) in the output file.
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</p>
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<a name="index-CHIP-_0028MRI_0029"></a>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>CHIP <var>expression</var></code></dt>
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<dt><code>CHIP <var>expression</var>, <var>expression</var></code></dt>
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<dd><p>This command does nothing; it is accepted only for compatibility.
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</p>
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<a name="index-END-_0028MRI_0029"></a>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>END</code></dt>
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<dd><p>This command does nothing whatever; it’s only accepted for compatibility.
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</p>
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<a name="index-FORMAT-_0028MRI_0029"></a>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>FORMAT <var>output-format</var></code></dt>
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<dd><p>Similar to the <code>OUTPUT_FORMAT</code> command in the more general linker
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language, but restricted to S-records, if <var>output-format</var> is ‘<samp>S</samp>’
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</p>
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<a name="index-LIST-_0028MRI_0029"></a>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>LIST <var>anything</var>…</code></dt>
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<dd><p>Print (to the standard output file) a link map, as produced by the
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<code>ld</code> command-line option ‘<samp>-M</samp>’.
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</p>
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<p>The keyword <code>LIST</code> may be followed by anything on the
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same line, with no change in its effect.
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</p>
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<a name="index-LOAD-_0028MRI_0029"></a>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>LOAD <var>filename</var></code></dt>
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<dt><code>LOAD <var>filename</var>, <var>filename</var>, … <var>filename</var></code></dt>
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<dd><p>Include one or more object file <var>filename</var> in the link; this has the
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same effect as specifying <var>filename</var> directly on the <code>ld</code>
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command line.
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</p>
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<a name="index-NAME-_0028MRI_0029"></a>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>NAME <var>output-name</var></code></dt>
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<dd><p><var>output-name</var> is the name for the program produced by <code>ld</code>; the
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MRI-compatible command <code>NAME</code> is equivalent to the command-line
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option ‘<samp>-o</samp>’ or the general script language command <code>OUTPUT</code>.
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</p>
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<a name="index-ORDER-_0028MRI_0029"></a>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>ORDER <var>secname</var>, <var>secname</var>, … <var>secname</var></code></dt>
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<dt><code>ORDER <var>secname</var> <var>secname</var> <var>secname</var></code></dt>
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<dd><p>Normally, <code>ld</code> orders the sections in its output file in the
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order in which they first appear in the input files. In an MRI-compatible
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script, you can override this ordering with the <code>ORDER</code> command. The
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sections you list with <code>ORDER</code> will appear first in your output
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file, in the order specified.
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</p>
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<a name="index-PUBLIC-_0028MRI_0029"></a>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>PUBLIC <var>name</var>=<var>expression</var></code></dt>
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<dt><code>PUBLIC <var>name</var>,<var>expression</var></code></dt>
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<dt><code>PUBLIC <var>name</var> <var>expression</var></code></dt>
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<dd><p>Supply a value (<var>expression</var>) for external symbol
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<var>name</var> used in the linker input files.
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</p>
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<a name="index-SECT-_0028MRI_0029"></a>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>SECT <var>secname</var>, <var>expression</var></code></dt>
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<dt><code>SECT <var>secname</var>=<var>expression</var></code></dt>
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<dt><code>SECT <var>secname</var> <var>expression</var></code></dt>
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<dd><p>You can use any of these three forms of the <code>SECT</code> command to
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specify the start address (<var>expression</var>) for section <var>secname</var>.
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If you have more than one <code>SECT</code> statement for the same
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<var>secname</var>, only the <em>first</em> sets the start address.
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</p></dd>
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</dl>
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<div class="header">
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<p>
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Next: <a href="GNU-Free-Documentation-License.html#GNU-Free-Documentation-License" accesskey="n" rel="next">GNU Free Documentation License</a>, Previous: <a href="Reporting-Bugs.html#Reporting-Bugs" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Reporting Bugs</a>, Up: <a href="index.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="LD-Index.html#LD-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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