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<title>LD: Input Section Wildcards</title>
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<a name="Input-Section-Wildcards"></a>
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<div class="header">
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<p>
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Next: <a href="Input-Section-Common.html#Input-Section-Common" accesskey="n" rel="next">Input Section Common</a>, Previous: <a href="Input-Section-Basics.html#Input-Section-Basics" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Input Section Basics</a>, Up: <a href="Input-Section.html#Input-Section" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input Section</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="LD-Index.html#LD-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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<hr>
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<a name="Input-Section-Wildcard-Patterns"></a>
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<h4 class="subsubsection">3.6.4.2 Input Section Wildcard Patterns</h4>
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<a name="index-input-section-wildcards"></a>
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<a name="index-wildcard-file-name-patterns"></a>
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<a name="index-file-name-wildcard-patterns"></a>
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<a name="index-section-name-wildcard-patterns"></a>
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<p>In an input section description, either the file name or the section
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name or both may be wildcard patterns.
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</p>
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<p>The file name of ‘<samp>*</samp>’ seen in many examples is a simple wildcard
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pattern for the file name.
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</p>
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<p>The wildcard patterns are like those used by the Unix shell.
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</p>
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<dl compact="compact">
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<dt>‘<samp>*</samp>’</dt>
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<dd><p>matches any number of characters
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</p></dd>
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<dt>‘<samp>?</samp>’</dt>
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<dd><p>matches any single character
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</p></dd>
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<dt>‘<samp>[<var>chars</var>]</samp>’</dt>
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<dd><p>matches a single instance of any of the <var>chars</var>; the ‘<samp>-</samp>’
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character may be used to specify a range of characters, as in
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‘<samp>[a-z]</samp>’ to match any lower case letter
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</p></dd>
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<dt>‘<samp>\</samp>’</dt>
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<dd><p>quotes the following character
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</p></dd>
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</dl>
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<p>When a file name is matched with a wildcard, the wildcard characters
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will not match a ‘<samp>/</samp>’ character (used to separate directory names on
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Unix). A pattern consisting of a single ‘<samp>*</samp>’ character is an
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exception; it will always match any file name, whether it contains a
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‘<samp>/</samp>’ or not. In a section name, the wildcard characters will match
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a ‘<samp>/</samp>’ character.
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</p>
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<p>File name wildcard patterns only match files which are explicitly
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specified on the command line or in an <code>INPUT</code> command. The linker
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does not search directories to expand wildcards.
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</p>
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<p>If a file name matches more than one wildcard pattern, or if a file name
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appears explicitly and is also matched by a wildcard pattern, the linker
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will use the first match in the linker script. For example, this
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sequence of input section descriptions is probably in error, because the
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<samp>data.o</samp> rule will not be used:
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</p><div class="smallexample">
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<pre class="smallexample">.data : { *(.data) }
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.data1 : { data.o(.data) }
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</pre></div>
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<a name="index-SORT_005fBY_005fNAME"></a>
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<p>Normally, the linker will place files and sections matched by wildcards
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in the order in which they are seen during the link. You can change
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this by using the <code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> keyword, which appears before a wildcard
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pattern in parentheses (e.g., <code>SORT_BY_NAME(.text*)</code>). When the
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<code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> keyword is used, the linker will sort the files or sections
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into ascending order by name before placing them in the output file.
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</p>
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<a name="index-SORT_005fBY_005fALIGNMENT"></a>
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<p><code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> is similar to <code>SORT_BY_NAME</code>.
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<code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> will sort sections into descending order of
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alignment before placing them in the output file. Placing larger
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alignments before smaller alignments can reduce the amount of padding
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needed.
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</p>
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<a name="index-SORT_005fBY_005fINIT_005fPRIORITY"></a>
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<p><code>SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY</code> is also similar to <code>SORT_BY_NAME</code>.
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<code>SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY</code> will sort sections into ascending
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numerical order of the GCC init_priority attribute encoded in the
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section name before placing them in the output file. In
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<code>.init_array.NNNNN</code> and <code>.fini_array.NNNNN</code>, <code>NNNNN</code> is
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the init_priority. In <code>.ctors.NNNNN</code> and <code>.dtors.NNNNN</code>,
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<code>NNNNN</code> is 65535 minus the init_priority.
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</p>
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<a name="index-SORT"></a>
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<p><code>SORT</code> is an alias for <code>SORT_BY_NAME</code>.
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</p>
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<p>When there are nested section sorting commands in linker script, there
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can be at most 1 level of nesting for section sorting commands.
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</p>
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<ol>
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<li> <code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (<code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (wildcard section pattern)).
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It will sort the input sections by name first, then by alignment if two
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sections have the same name.
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</li><li> <code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (<code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (wildcard section pattern)).
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It will sort the input sections by alignment first, then by name if two
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sections have the same alignment.
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</li><li> <code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (<code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (wildcard section pattern)) is
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treated the same as <code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (wildcard section pattern).
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</li><li> <code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (<code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (wildcard section pattern))
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is treated the same as <code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (wildcard section pattern).
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</li><li> All other nested section sorting commands are invalid.
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</li></ol>
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<p>When both command-line section sorting option and linker script
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section sorting command are used, section sorting command always
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takes precedence over the command-line option.
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</p>
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<p>If the section sorting command in linker script isn’t nested, the
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command-line option will make the section sorting command to be
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treated as nested sorting command.
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</p>
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<ol>
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<li> <code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (wildcard section pattern ) with
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<samp>--sort-sections alignment</samp> is equivalent to
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<code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (<code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (wildcard section pattern)).
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</li><li> <code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (wildcard section pattern) with
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<samp>--sort-section name</samp> is equivalent to
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<code>SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT</code> (<code>SORT_BY_NAME</code> (wildcard section pattern)).
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</li></ol>
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<p>If the section sorting command in linker script is nested, the
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command-line option will be ignored.
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</p>
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<a name="index-SORT_005fNONE"></a>
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<p><code>SORT_NONE</code> disables section sorting by ignoring the command-line
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section sorting option.
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</p>
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<p>If you ever get confused about where input sections are going, use the
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‘<samp>-M</samp>’ linker option to generate a map file. The map file shows
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precisely how input sections are mapped to output sections.
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</p>
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<p>This example shows how wildcard patterns might be used to partition
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files. This linker script directs the linker to place all ‘<samp>.text</samp>’
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sections in ‘<samp>.text</samp>’ and all ‘<samp>.bss</samp>’ sections in ‘<samp>.bss</samp>’.
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The linker will place the ‘<samp>.data</samp>’ section from all files beginning
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with an upper case character in ‘<samp>.DATA</samp>’; for all other files, the
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linker will place the ‘<samp>.data</samp>’ section in ‘<samp>.data</samp>’.
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</p><div class="smallexample">
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<pre class="smallexample">SECTIONS {
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.text : { *(.text) }
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.DATA : { [A-Z]*(.data) }
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.data : { *(.data) }
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.bss : { *(.bss) }
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}
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</pre></div>
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<div class="header">
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<p>
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Next: <a href="Input-Section-Common.html#Input-Section-Common" accesskey="n" rel="next">Input Section Common</a>, Previous: <a href="Input-Section-Basics.html#Input-Section-Basics" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Input Section Basics</a>, Up: <a href="Input-Section.html#Input-Section" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input Section</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="LD-Index.html#LD-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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