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<title>GNU gprof: Callers</title>
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<a name="Callers"></a>
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<div class="header">
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<p>
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Next: <a href="Subroutines.html#Subroutines" accesskey="n" rel="next">Subroutines</a>, Previous: <a href="Primary.html#Primary" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Primary</a>, Up: <a href="Call-Graph.html#Call-Graph" accesskey="u" rel="up">Call Graph</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</p>
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<hr>
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<a name="Lines-for-a-Function_0027s-Callers"></a>
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<h4 class="subsection">5.2.2 Lines for a Function’s Callers</h4>
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<p>A function’s entry has a line for each function it was called by.
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These lines’ fields correspond to the fields of the primary line, but
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their meanings are different because of the difference in context.
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</p>
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<p>For reference, we repeat two lines from the entry for the function
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<code>report</code>, the primary line and one caller-line preceding it, together
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with the heading line that shows the names of the fields:
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</p>
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<div class="smallexample">
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<pre class="smallexample">index % time self children called name
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…
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0.00 0.05 1/1 main [2]
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[3] 100.0 0.00 0.05 1 report [3]
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</pre></div>
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<p>Here are the meanings of the fields in the caller-line for <code>report</code>
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called from <code>main</code>:
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</p>
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<dl compact="compact">
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<dt><code>self</code></dt>
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<dd><p>An estimate of the amount of time spent in <code>report</code> itself when it was
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called from <code>main</code>.
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>children</code></dt>
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<dd><p>An estimate of the amount of time spent in subroutines of <code>report</code>
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when <code>report</code> was called from <code>main</code>.
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</p>
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<p>The sum of the <code>self</code> and <code>children</code> fields is an estimate
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of the amount of time spent within calls to <code>report</code> from <code>main</code>.
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>called</code></dt>
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<dd><p>Two numbers: the number of times <code>report</code> was called from <code>main</code>,
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followed by the total number of non-recursive calls to <code>report</code> from
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all its callers.
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>name and index number</code></dt>
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<dd><p>The name of the caller of <code>report</code> to which this line applies,
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followed by the caller’s index number.
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</p>
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<p>Not all functions have entries in the call graph; some
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options to <code>gprof</code> request the omission of certain functions.
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When a caller has no entry of its own, it still has caller-lines
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in the entries of the functions it calls.
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</p>
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<p>If the caller is part of a recursion cycle, the cycle number is
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printed between the name and the index number.
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</p></dd>
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</dl>
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<p>If the identity of the callers of a function cannot be determined, a
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dummy caller-line is printed which has ‘<samp><spontaneous></samp>’ as the
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“caller’s name” and all other fields blank. This can happen for
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signal handlers.
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</p>
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<hr>
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<div class="header">
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<p>
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Next: <a href="Subroutines.html#Subroutines" accesskey="n" rel="next">Subroutines</a>, Previous: <a href="Primary.html#Primary" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Primary</a>, Up: <a href="Call-Graph.html#Call-Graph" accesskey="u" rel="up">Call Graph</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</p>
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