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<title>Using as: ARM Directives</title>
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<a name="ARM-Directives"></a>
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<div class="header">
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<p>
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Next: <a href="ARM-Opcodes.html#ARM-Opcodes" accesskey="n" rel="next">ARM Opcodes</a>, Previous: <a href="ARM-Floating-Point.html#ARM-Floating-Point" accesskey="p" rel="previous">ARM Floating Point</a>, Up: <a href="ARM_002dDependent.html#ARM_002dDependent" accesskey="u" rel="up">ARM-Dependent</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="AS-Index.html#AS-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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</div>
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<hr>
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<a name="ARM-Machine-Directives"></a>
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<h4 class="subsection">9.4.4 ARM Machine Directives</h4>
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<a name="index-machine-directives_002c-ARM"></a>
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<a name="index-ARM-machine-directives"></a>
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<dl compact="compact">
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<dd>
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|
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<a name="index-_002ealign-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>.align <var>expression</var> [, <var>expression</var>]</code></dt>
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<dd><p>This is the generic <var>.align</var> directive. For the ARM however if the
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first argument is zero (ie no alignment is needed) the assembler will
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behave as if the argument had been 2 (ie pad to the next four byte
|
boundary). This is for compatibility with ARM’s own assembler.
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</p>
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<a name="index-_002earch-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>.arch <var>name</var></code></dt>
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<dd><p>Select the target architecture. Valid values for <var>name</var> are the same as
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for the <samp>-march</samp> command-line option without the instruction set
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extension.
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</p>
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<p>Specifying <code>.arch</code> clears any previously selected architecture
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extensions.
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</p>
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<a name="index-_002earch_005fextension-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.arch_extension <var>name</var></code></dt>
|
<dd><p>Add or remove an architecture extension to the target architecture. Valid
|
values for <var>name</var> are the same as those accepted as architectural
|
extensions by the <samp>-mcpu</samp> and <samp>-march</samp> command-line options.
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</p>
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<p><code>.arch_extension</code> may be used multiple times to add or remove extensions
|
incrementally to the architecture being compiled for.
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</p>
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<a name="index-_002earm-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
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<dt><code>.arm</code></dt>
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<dd><p>This performs the same action as <var>.code 32</var>.
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</p>
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<a name="index-_002ebss-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.bss</code></dt>
|
<dd><p>This directive switches to the <code>.bss</code> section.
|
</p>
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|
<a name="index-_002ecantunwind-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.cantunwind</code></dt>
|
<dd><p>Prevents unwinding through the current function. No personality routine
|
or exception table data is required or permitted.
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</p>
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<a name="index-_002ecode-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
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<dt><code>.code <code>[16|32]</code></code></dt>
|
<dd><p>This directive selects the instruction set being generated. The value 16
|
selects Thumb, with the value 32 selecting ARM.
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</p>
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<a name="index-_002ecpu-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.cpu <var>name</var></code></dt>
|
<dd><p>Select the target processor. Valid values for <var>name</var> are the same as
|
for the <samp>-mcpu</samp> command-line option without the instruction set
|
extension.
|
</p>
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<p>Specifying <code>.cpu</code> clears any previously selected architecture
|
extensions.
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</p>
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<a name="index-_002edn-and-_002eqn-directives_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code><var>name</var> .dn <var>register name</var> [<var>.type</var>] [[<var>index</var>]]</code></dt>
|
<dt><code><var>name</var> .qn <var>register name</var> [<var>.type</var>] [[<var>index</var>]]</code></dt>
|
<dd>
|
<p>The <code>dn</code> and <code>qn</code> directives are used to create typed
|
and/or indexed register aliases for use in Advanced SIMD Extension
|
(Neon) instructions. The former should be used to create aliases
|
of double-precision registers, and the latter to create aliases of
|
quad-precision registers.
|
</p>
|
<p>If these directives are used to create typed aliases, those aliases can
|
be used in Neon instructions instead of writing types after the mnemonic
|
or after each operand. For example:
|
</p>
|
<div class="smallexample">
|
<pre class="smallexample"> x .dn d2.f32
|
y .dn d3.f32
|
z .dn d4.f32[1]
|
vmul x,y,z
|
</pre></div>
|
|
<p>This is equivalent to writing the following:
|
</p>
|
<div class="smallexample">
|
<pre class="smallexample"> vmul.f32 d2,d3,d4[1]
|
</pre></div>
|
|
<p>Aliases created using <code>dn</code> or <code>qn</code> can be destroyed using
|
<code>unreq</code>.
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="index-_002eeabi_005fattribute-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.eabi_attribute <var>tag</var>, <var>value</var></code></dt>
|
<dd><p>Set the EABI object attribute <var>tag</var> to <var>value</var>.
|
</p>
|
<p>The <var>tag</var> is either an attribute number, or one of the following:
|
<code>Tag_CPU_raw_name</code>, <code>Tag_CPU_name</code>, <code>Tag_CPU_arch</code>,
|
<code>Tag_CPU_arch_profile</code>, <code>Tag_ARM_ISA_use</code>,
|
<code>Tag_THUMB_ISA_use</code>, <code>Tag_FP_arch</code>, <code>Tag_WMMX_arch</code>,
|
<code>Tag_Advanced_SIMD_arch</code>, <code>Tag_MVE_arch</code>, <code>Tag_PCS_config</code>,
|
<code>Tag_ABI_PCS_R9_use</code>, <code>Tag_ABI_PCS_RW_data</code>,
|
<code>Tag_ABI_PCS_RO_data</code>, <code>Tag_ABI_PCS_GOT_use</code>,
|
<code>Tag_ABI_PCS_wchar_t</code>, <code>Tag_ABI_FP_rounding</code>,
|
<code>Tag_ABI_FP_denormal</code>, <code>Tag_ABI_FP_exceptions</code>,
|
<code>Tag_ABI_FP_user_exceptions</code>, <code>Tag_ABI_FP_number_model</code>,
|
<code>Tag_ABI_align_needed</code>, <code>Tag_ABI_align_preserved</code>,
|
<code>Tag_ABI_enum_size</code>, <code>Tag_ABI_HardFP_use</code>,
|
<code>Tag_ABI_VFP_args</code>, <code>Tag_ABI_WMMX_args</code>,
|
<code>Tag_ABI_optimization_goals</code>, <code>Tag_ABI_FP_optimization_goals</code>,
|
<code>Tag_compatibility</code>, <code>Tag_CPU_unaligned_access</code>,
|
<code>Tag_FP_HP_extension</code>, <code>Tag_ABI_FP_16bit_format</code>,
|
<code>Tag_MPextension_use</code>, <code>Tag_DIV_use</code>,
|
<code>Tag_nodefaults</code>, <code>Tag_also_compatible_with</code>,
|
<code>Tag_conformance</code>, <code>Tag_T2EE_use</code>,
|
<code>Tag_Virtualization_use</code>
|
</p>
|
<p>The <var>value</var> is either a <code>number</code>, <code>"string"</code>, or
|
<code>number, "string"</code> depending on the tag.
|
</p>
|
<p>Note - the following legacy values are also accepted by <var>tag</var>:
|
<code>Tag_VFP_arch</code>, <code>Tag_ABI_align8_needed</code>,
|
<code>Tag_ABI_align8_preserved</code>, <code>Tag_VFP_HP_extension</code>,
|
</p>
|
<a name="index-_002eeven-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.even</code></dt>
|
<dd><p>This directive aligns to an even-numbered address.
|
</p>
|
<a name="index-_002eextend-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
<a name="index-_002eldouble-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.extend <var>expression</var> [, <var>expression</var>]*</code></dt>
|
<dt><code>.ldouble <var>expression</var> [, <var>expression</var>]*</code></dt>
|
<dd><p>These directives write 12byte long double floating-point values to the
|
output section. These are not compatible with current ARM processors
|
or ABIs.
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="index-_002efloat16-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.float16 <var>value [,...,value_n]</var></code></dt>
|
<dd><p>Place the half precision floating point representation of one or more
|
floating-point values into the current section. The exact format of the
|
encoding is specified by <code>.float16_format</code>. If the format has not
|
been explicitly set yet (either via the <code>.float16_format</code> directive or
|
the command line option) then the IEEE 754-2008 format is used.
|
</p>
|
<a name="index-_002efloat16_005fformat-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.float16_format <var>format</var></code></dt>
|
<dd><p>Set the format to use when encoding float16 values emitted by
|
the <code>.float16</code> directive.
|
Once the format has been set it cannot be changed.
|
<code>format</code> should be one of the following: <code>ieee</code> (encode in
|
the IEEE 754-2008 half precision format) or <code>alternative</code> (encode in
|
the Arm alternative half precision format).
|
</p>
|
<a name="arm_005ffnend"></a><a name="index-_002efnend-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.fnend</code></dt>
|
<dd><p>Marks the end of a function with an unwind table entry. The unwind index
|
table entry is created when this directive is processed.
|
</p>
|
<p>If no personality routine has been specified then standard personality
|
routine 0 or 1 will be used, depending on the number of unwind opcodes
|
required.
|
</p>
|
<a name="arm_005ffnstart"></a><a name="index-_002efnstart-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.fnstart</code></dt>
|
<dd><p>Marks the start of a function with an unwind table entry.
|
</p>
|
<a name="index-_002eforce_005fthumb-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.force_thumb</code></dt>
|
<dd><p>This directive forces the selection of Thumb instructions, even if the
|
target processor does not support those instructions
|
</p>
|
<a name="index-_002efpu-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.fpu <var>name</var></code></dt>
|
<dd><p>Select the floating-point unit to assemble for. Valid values for <var>name</var>
|
are the same as for the <samp>-mfpu</samp> command-line option.
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="index-_002ehandlerdata-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.handlerdata</code></dt>
|
<dd><p>Marks the end of the current function, and the start of the exception table
|
entry for that function. Anything between this directive and the
|
<code>.fnend</code> directive will be added to the exception table entry.
|
</p>
|
<p>Must be preceded by a <code>.personality</code> or <code>.personalityindex</code>
|
directive.
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="index-_002einst-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.inst <var>opcode</var> [ , … ]</code></dt>
|
<dt><code>.inst.n <var>opcode</var> [ , … ]</code></dt>
|
<dt><code>.inst.w <var>opcode</var> [ , … ]</code></dt>
|
<dd><p>Generates the instruction corresponding to the numerical value <var>opcode</var>.
|
<code>.inst.n</code> and <code>.inst.w</code> allow the Thumb instruction size to be
|
specified explicitly, overriding the normal encoding rules.
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.ldouble <var>expression</var> [, <var>expression</var>]*</code></dt>
|
<dd><p>See <code>.extend</code>.
|
</p>
|
<a name="index-_002eltorg-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.ltorg</code></dt>
|
<dd><p>This directive causes the current contents of the literal pool to be
|
dumped into the current section (which is assumed to be the .text
|
section) at the current location (aligned to a word boundary).
|
<code>GAS</code> maintains a separate literal pool for each section and each
|
sub-section. The <code>.ltorg</code> directive will only affect the literal
|
pool of the current section and sub-section. At the end of assembly
|
all remaining, un-empty literal pools will automatically be dumped.
|
</p>
|
<p>Note - older versions of <code>GAS</code> would dump the current literal
|
pool any time a section change occurred. This is no longer done, since
|
it prevents accurate control of the placement of literal pools.
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="index-_002emovsp-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.movsp <var>reg</var> [, #<var>offset</var>]</code></dt>
|
<dd><p>Tell the unwinder that <var>reg</var> contains an offset from the current
|
stack pointer. If <var>offset</var> is not specified then it is assumed to be
|
zero.
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="index-_002eobject_005farch-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.object_arch <var>name</var></code></dt>
|
<dd><p>Override the architecture recorded in the EABI object attribute section.
|
Valid values for <var>name</var> are the same as for the <code>.arch</code> directive.
|
Typically this is useful when code uses runtime detection of CPU features.
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="index-_002epacked-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.packed <var>expression</var> [, <var>expression</var>]*</code></dt>
|
<dd><p>This directive writes 12-byte packed floating-point values to the
|
output section. These are not compatible with current ARM processors
|
or ABIs.
|
</p>
|
<a name="arm_005fpad"></a><a name="index-_002epad-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.pad #<var>count</var></code></dt>
|
<dd><p>Generate unwinder annotations for a stack adjustment of <var>count</var> bytes.
|
A positive value indicates the function prologue allocated stack space by
|
decrementing the stack pointer.
|
</p>
|
<a name="index-_002epersonality-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.personality <var>name</var></code></dt>
|
<dd><p>Sets the personality routine for the current function to <var>name</var>.
|
</p>
|
<a name="index-_002epersonalityindex-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.personalityindex <var>index</var></code></dt>
|
<dd><p>Sets the personality routine for the current function to the EABI standard
|
routine number <var>index</var>
|
</p>
|
<a name="index-_002epool-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.pool</code></dt>
|
<dd><p>This is a synonym for .ltorg.
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="index-_002ereq-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code><var>name</var> .req <var>register name</var></code></dt>
|
<dd><p>This creates an alias for <var>register name</var> called <var>name</var>. For
|
example:
|
</p>
|
<div class="smallexample">
|
<pre class="smallexample"> foo .req r0
|
</pre></div>
|
|
|
<a name="arm_005fsave"></a><a name="index-_002esave-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.save <var>reglist</var></code></dt>
|
<dd><p>Generate unwinder annotations to restore the registers in <var>reglist</var>.
|
The format of <var>reglist</var> is the same as the corresponding store-multiple
|
instruction.
|
</p>
|
<div class="smallexample">
|
<pre class="smallexample"><em>core registers</em>
|
</pre><pre class="smallexample"> .save {r4, r5, r6, lr}
|
stmfd sp!, {r4, r5, r6, lr}
|
</pre><pre class="smallexample"><em>FPA registers</em>
|
</pre><pre class="smallexample"> .save f4, 2
|
sfmfd f4, 2, [sp]!
|
</pre><pre class="smallexample"><em>VFP registers</em>
|
</pre><pre class="smallexample"> .save {d8, d9, d10}
|
fstmdx sp!, {d8, d9, d10}
|
</pre><pre class="smallexample"><em>iWMMXt registers</em>
|
</pre><pre class="smallexample"> .save {wr10, wr11}
|
wstrd wr11, [sp, #-8]!
|
wstrd wr10, [sp, #-8]!
|
or
|
.save wr11
|
wstrd wr11, [sp, #-8]!
|
.save wr10
|
wstrd wr10, [sp, #-8]!
|
</pre></div>
|
|
<a name="arm_005fsetfp"></a><a name="index-_002esetfp-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.setfp <var>fpreg</var>, <var>spreg</var> [, #<var>offset</var>]</code></dt>
|
<dd><p>Make all unwinder annotations relative to a frame pointer. Without this
|
the unwinder will use offsets from the stack pointer.
|
</p>
|
<p>The syntax of this directive is the same as the <code>add</code> or <code>mov</code>
|
instruction used to set the frame pointer. <var>spreg</var> must be either
|
<code>sp</code> or mentioned in a previous <code>.movsp</code> directive.
|
</p>
|
<div class="smallexample">
|
<pre class="smallexample">.movsp ip
|
mov ip, sp
|
…
|
.setfp fp, ip, #4
|
add fp, ip, #4
|
</pre></div>
|
|
<a name="index-_002esecrel32-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.secrel32 <var>expression</var> [, <var>expression</var>]*</code></dt>
|
<dd><p>This directive emits relocations that evaluate to the section-relative
|
offset of each expression’s symbol. This directive is only supported
|
for PE targets.
|
</p>
|
<a name="index-_002esyntax-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.syntax [<code>unified</code> | <code>divided</code>]</code></dt>
|
<dd><p>This directive sets the Instruction Set Syntax as described in the
|
<a href="ARM_002dInstruction_002dSet.html#ARM_002dInstruction_002dSet">ARM-Instruction-Set</a> section.
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="index-_002ethumb-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.thumb</code></dt>
|
<dd><p>This performs the same action as <var>.code 16</var>.
|
</p>
|
<a name="index-_002ethumb_005ffunc-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.thumb_func</code></dt>
|
<dd><p>This directive specifies that the following symbol is the name of a
|
Thumb encoded function. This information is necessary in order to allow
|
the assembler and linker to generate correct code for interworking
|
between Arm and Thumb instructions and should be used even if
|
interworking is not going to be performed. The presence of this
|
directive also implies <code>.thumb</code>
|
</p>
|
<p>This directive is not necessary when generating EABI objects. On these
|
targets the encoding is implicit when generating Thumb code.
|
</p>
|
<a name="index-_002ethumb_005fset-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.thumb_set</code></dt>
|
<dd><p>This performs the equivalent of a <code>.set</code> directive in that it
|
creates a symbol which is an alias for another symbol (possibly not yet
|
defined). This directive also has the added property in that it marks
|
the aliased symbol as being a thumb function entry point, in the same
|
way that the <code>.thumb_func</code> directive does.
|
</p>
|
<a name="index-_002etlsdescseq-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.tlsdescseq <var>tls-variable</var></code></dt>
|
<dd><p>This directive is used to annotate parts of an inlined TLS descriptor
|
trampoline. Normally the trampoline is provided by the linker, and
|
this directive is not needed.
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="index-_002eunreq-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.unreq <var>alias-name</var></code></dt>
|
<dd><p>This undefines a register alias which was previously defined using the
|
<code>req</code>, <code>dn</code> or <code>qn</code> directives. For example:
|
</p>
|
<div class="smallexample">
|
<pre class="smallexample"> foo .req r0
|
.unreq foo
|
</pre></div>
|
|
<p>An error occurs if the name is undefined. Note - this pseudo op can
|
be used to delete builtin in register name aliases (eg ’r0’). This
|
should only be done if it is really necessary.
|
</p>
|
<a name="index-_002eunwind_005fraw-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.unwind_raw <var>offset</var>, <var>byte1</var>, …</code></dt>
|
<dd><p>Insert one of more arbitrary unwind opcode bytes, which are known to adjust
|
the stack pointer by <var>offset</var> bytes.
|
</p>
|
<p>For example <code>.unwind_raw 4, 0xb1, 0x01</code> is equivalent to
|
<code>.save {r0}</code>
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="index-_002evsave-directive_002c-ARM"></a>
|
</dd>
|
<dt><code>.vsave <var>vfp-reglist</var></code></dt>
|
<dd><p>Generate unwinder annotations to restore the VFP registers in <var>vfp-reglist</var>
|
using FLDMD. Also works for VFPv3 registers
|
that are to be restored using VLDM.
|
The format of <var>vfp-reglist</var> is the same as the corresponding store-multiple
|
instruction.
|
</p>
|
<div class="smallexample">
|
<pre class="smallexample"><em>VFP registers</em>
|
</pre><pre class="smallexample"> .vsave {d8, d9, d10}
|
fstmdd sp!, {d8, d9, d10}
|
</pre><pre class="smallexample"><em>VFPv3 registers</em>
|
</pre><pre class="smallexample"> .vsave {d15, d16, d17}
|
vstm sp!, {d15, d16, d17}
|
</pre></div>
|
|
<p>Since FLDMX and FSTMX are now deprecated, this directive should be
|
used in favour of <code>.save</code> for saving VFP registers for ARMv6 and above.
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
</dl>
|
|
<hr>
|
<div class="header">
|
<p>
|
Next: <a href="ARM-Opcodes.html#ARM-Opcodes" accesskey="n" rel="next">ARM Opcodes</a>, Previous: <a href="ARM-Floating-Point.html#ARM-Floating-Point" accesskey="p" rel="previous">ARM Floating Point</a>, Up: <a href="ARM_002dDependent.html#ARM_002dDependent" accesskey="u" rel="up">ARM-Dependent</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="AS-Index.html#AS-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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