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<a name="Internal"></a>
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<div class="header">
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<p>
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Next: <a href="File-Caching.html#File-Caching" accesskey="n" rel="next">File Caching</a>, Previous: <a href="Opening-and-Closing.html#Opening-and-Closing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Opening and Closing</a>, Up: <a href="BFD-front-end.html#BFD-front-end" accesskey="u" rel="up">BFD front end</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="BFD-Index.html#BFD-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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</div>
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<hr>
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<a name="Implementation-details"></a>
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<h3 class="section">2.15 Implementation details</h3>
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<a name="Internal-functions"></a>
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<h4 class="subsection">2.15.1 Internal functions</h4>
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<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
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These routines are used within BFD.
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They are not intended for export, but are documented here for
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completeness.
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</p>
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<a name="index-bfd_005fwrite_005fbigendian_005f4byte_005fint"></a>
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<a name="bfd_005fwrite_005fbigendian_005f4byte_005fint"></a>
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<h4 class="subsubsection">2.15.1.1 <code>bfd_write_bigendian_4byte_int</code></h4>
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<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
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</p><div class="example">
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<pre class="example">bfd_boolean bfd_write_bigendian_4byte_int (bfd *, unsigned int);
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</pre></div>
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<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
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Write a 4 byte integer <var>i</var> to the output BFD <var>abfd</var>, in big
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endian order regardless of what else is going on. This is useful in
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archives.
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</p>
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<a name="index-bfd_005fput_005fsize"></a>
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<a name="bfd_005fput_005fsize"></a>
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<h4 class="subsubsection">2.15.1.2 <code>bfd_put_size</code></h4>
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<a name="index-bfd_005fget_005fsize-1"></a>
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<a name="bfd_005fget_005fsize-1"></a>
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<h4 class="subsubsection">2.15.1.3 <code>bfd_get_size</code></h4>
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<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
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These macros as used for reading and writing raw data in
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sections; each access (except for bytes) is vectored through
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the target format of the BFD and mangled accordingly. The
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mangling performs any necessary endian translations and
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removes alignment restrictions. Note that types accepted and
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returned by these macros are identical so they can be swapped
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around in macros—for example, <samp>libaout.h</samp> defines <code>GET_WORD</code>
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to either <code>bfd_get_32</code> or <code>bfd_get_64</code>.
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</p>
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<p>In the put routines, <var>val</var> must be a <code>bfd_vma</code>. If we are on a
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system without prototypes, the caller is responsible for making
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sure that is true, with a cast if necessary. We don’t cast
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them in the macro definitions because that would prevent <code>lint</code>
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or <code>gcc -Wall</code> from detecting sins such as passing a pointer.
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To detect calling these with less than a <code>bfd_vma</code>, use
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<code>gcc -Wconversion</code> on a host with 64 bit <code>bfd_vma</code>’s.
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</p><div class="example">
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<pre class="example">
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/* Byte swapping macros for user section data. */
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#define bfd_put_8(abfd, val, ptr) \
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((void) (*((unsigned char *) (ptr)) = (val) & 0xff))
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#define bfd_put_signed_8 \
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bfd_put_8
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#define bfd_get_8(abfd, ptr) \
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(*(const unsigned char *) (ptr) & 0xff)
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#define bfd_get_signed_8(abfd, ptr) \
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(((*(const unsigned char *) (ptr) & 0xff) ^ 0x80) - 0x80)
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#define bfd_put_16(abfd, val, ptr) \
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BFD_SEND (abfd, bfd_putx16, ((val),(ptr)))
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#define bfd_put_signed_16 \
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bfd_put_16
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#define bfd_get_16(abfd, ptr) \
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BFD_SEND (abfd, bfd_getx16, (ptr))
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#define bfd_get_signed_16(abfd, ptr) \
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BFD_SEND (abfd, bfd_getx_signed_16, (ptr))
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#define bfd_put_32(abfd, val, ptr) \
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BFD_SEND (abfd, bfd_putx32, ((val),(ptr)))
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#define bfd_put_signed_32 \
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bfd_put_32
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#define bfd_get_32(abfd, ptr) \
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BFD_SEND (abfd, bfd_getx32, (ptr))
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#define bfd_get_signed_32(abfd, ptr) \
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BFD_SEND (abfd, bfd_getx_signed_32, (ptr))
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#define bfd_put_64(abfd, val, ptr) \
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BFD_SEND (abfd, bfd_putx64, ((val), (ptr)))
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#define bfd_put_signed_64 \
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bfd_put_64
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#define bfd_get_64(abfd, ptr) \
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BFD_SEND (abfd, bfd_getx64, (ptr))
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#define bfd_get_signed_64(abfd, ptr) \
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BFD_SEND (abfd, bfd_getx_signed_64, (ptr))
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#define bfd_get(bits, abfd, ptr) \
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((bits) == 8 ? (bfd_vma) bfd_get_8 (abfd, ptr) \
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: (bits) == 16 ? bfd_get_16 (abfd, ptr) \
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: (bits) == 32 ? bfd_get_32 (abfd, ptr) \
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: (bits) == 64 ? bfd_get_64 (abfd, ptr) \
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: (abort (), (bfd_vma) - 1))
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#define bfd_put(bits, abfd, val, ptr) \
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((bits) == 8 ? bfd_put_8 (abfd, val, ptr) \
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: (bits) == 16 ? bfd_put_16 (abfd, val, ptr) \
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: (bits) == 32 ? bfd_put_32 (abfd, val, ptr) \
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: (bits) == 64 ? bfd_put_64 (abfd, val, ptr) \
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: (abort (), (void) 0))
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</pre></div>
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<a name="index-bfd_005fh_005fput_005fsize"></a>
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<a name="bfd_005fh_005fput_005fsize"></a>
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<h4 class="subsubsection">2.15.1.4 <code>bfd_h_put_size</code></h4>
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<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
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These macros have the same function as their <code>bfd_get_x</code>
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brethren, except that they are used for removing information
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for the header records of object files. Believe it or not,
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some object files keep their header records in big endian
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order and their data in little endian order.
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</p><div class="example">
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<pre class="example">
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/* Byte swapping macros for file header data. */
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#define bfd_h_put_8(abfd, val, ptr) \
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bfd_put_8 (abfd, val, ptr)
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#define bfd_h_put_signed_8(abfd, val, ptr) \
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bfd_put_8 (abfd, val, ptr)
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#define bfd_h_get_8(abfd, ptr) \
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bfd_get_8 (abfd, ptr)
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#define bfd_h_get_signed_8(abfd, ptr) \
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bfd_get_signed_8 (abfd, ptr)
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#define bfd_h_put_16(abfd, val, ptr) \
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BFD_SEND (abfd, bfd_h_putx16, (val, ptr))
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#define bfd_h_put_signed_16 \
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bfd_h_put_16
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#define bfd_h_get_16(abfd, ptr) \
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BFD_SEND (abfd, bfd_h_getx16, (ptr))
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#define bfd_h_get_signed_16(abfd, ptr) \
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BFD_SEND (abfd, bfd_h_getx_signed_16, (ptr))
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#define bfd_h_put_32(abfd, val, ptr) \
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BFD_SEND (abfd, bfd_h_putx32, (val, ptr))
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#define bfd_h_put_signed_32 \
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bfd_h_put_32
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#define bfd_h_get_32(abfd, ptr) \
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BFD_SEND (abfd, bfd_h_getx32, (ptr))
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#define bfd_h_get_signed_32(abfd, ptr) \
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BFD_SEND (abfd, bfd_h_getx_signed_32, (ptr))
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#define bfd_h_put_64(abfd, val, ptr) \
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BFD_SEND (abfd, bfd_h_putx64, (val, ptr))
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#define bfd_h_put_signed_64 \
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bfd_h_put_64
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#define bfd_h_get_64(abfd, ptr) \
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BFD_SEND (abfd, bfd_h_getx64, (ptr))
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#define bfd_h_get_signed_64(abfd, ptr) \
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BFD_SEND (abfd, bfd_h_getx_signed_64, (ptr))
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/* Aliases for the above, which should eventually go away. */
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#define H_PUT_64 bfd_h_put_64
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#define H_PUT_32 bfd_h_put_32
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#define H_PUT_16 bfd_h_put_16
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#define H_PUT_8 bfd_h_put_8
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#define H_PUT_S64 bfd_h_put_signed_64
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#define H_PUT_S32 bfd_h_put_signed_32
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#define H_PUT_S16 bfd_h_put_signed_16
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#define H_PUT_S8 bfd_h_put_signed_8
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#define H_GET_64 bfd_h_get_64
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#define H_GET_32 bfd_h_get_32
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#define H_GET_16 bfd_h_get_16
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#define H_GET_8 bfd_h_get_8
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#define H_GET_S64 bfd_h_get_signed_64
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#define H_GET_S32 bfd_h_get_signed_32
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#define H_GET_S16 bfd_h_get_signed_16
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#define H_GET_S8 bfd_h_get_signed_8
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</pre></div>
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<a name="index-bfd_005flog2"></a>
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<a name="bfd_005flog2"></a>
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<h4 class="subsubsection">2.15.1.5 <code>bfd_log2</code></h4>
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<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
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</p><div class="example">
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<pre class="example">unsigned int bfd_log2 (bfd_vma x);
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</pre></div>
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<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
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Return the log base 2 of the value supplied, rounded up. E.g., an
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<var>x</var> of 1025 returns 11. A <var>x</var> of 0 returns 0.
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</p>
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<div class="header">
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Next: <a href="File-Caching.html#File-Caching" accesskey="n" rel="next">File Caching</a>, Previous: <a href="Opening-and-Closing.html#Opening-and-Closing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Opening and Closing</a>, Up: <a href="BFD-front-end.html#BFD-front-end" accesskey="u" rel="up">BFD front end</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="BFD-Index.html#BFD-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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